Nelson mandela biography in short

Specifically, the group believed that the ANC's old tactics of polite petitioning were ineffective. Inthe ANC officially adopted the Youth League's methods of boycott, strike, civil disobedience and non-cooperation, with policy goals of full citizenship, redistribution of land, trade union rights, and free and compulsory education for all children.

For 20 years, Mandela directed peaceful, nonviolent acts of defiance against the South African government and its racist policies, including the Defiance Campaign and the Congress of the People. He founded the law firm Mandela and Tambo, partnering with Oliver Tamboa brilliant student he'd met while attending Fort Hare. The law firm provided free and low-cost legal counsel to unrepresented Black people.

InMandela and others were arrested and charged with treason for their political advocacy they were eventually acquitted. Meanwhile, the ANC was being challenged by Africanists, a new breed of Black activists who believed that the pacifist method of the ANC was ineffective. Africanists soon broke away to form the Pan-Africanist Congress, which negatively affected the ANC; bythe movement had lost much of its militant support.

Wife and Children Mandela was married three times and had six children. He wed his first wife, Evelyn Ntoko Mase, in The couple had four children together: Madiba Thembekile d. The couple divorced in InMandela wed Winnie Madikizela. The nelson mandela biography in short had two daughters together, Zenani Argentina's South African ambassador and Zindziswa the South African ambassador to Denmarkbefore separating in Two years later, inMandela married Graca Machel, the first Education Minister of Mozambique, with whom he remained until his death in Prison Years Formerly committed to nonviolent protest, Mandela began to believe that armed struggle was the only way to achieve change.

InMandela co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, also known as MK, an armed offshoot of the ANC dedicated to sabotage and use guerilla war tactics to end apartheid. InMandela orchestrated a three-day national workers' strike. He was arrested for leading the strike the following year and was sentenced to five years in prison. InMandela was brought to trial again.

This time, he and 10 other ANC leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment for political offenses, including sabotage. Mandela spent 27 years in prison, from November until February He was incarcerated on Robben Island for 18 of his 27 years in prison. During this time, he contracted tuberculosis and, as a Black political prisoner, received the lowest level of treatment from prison workers.

However, while incarcerated, Mandela was able to earn a Bachelor of Law degree through a University of London correspondence program. A memoir by South African intelligence agent Gordon Winter described a plot by the South African government to arrange for Mandela's escape so as to shoot him during the recapture; the plot was foiled by British intelligence.

Mandela continued to be such a potent symbol of Black resistance that a coordinated international campaign for his release was launched, and this international groundswell of support exemplified the power and esteem that Mandela had in the global political community. InPresident P. Botha offered Mandela's release in exchange for renouncing armed struggle; the prisoner flatly rejected the offer.

Westbrooke was renamed Genadendal. Although having energy, he felt left out and lonely. This resulted in strong judgment from ANC anti-capitalists. Mandela became known for his use of Batik shirtsknown as Madiba shirts, even on normal events. Mandela gave his farewell speech on 29 Marchafter which he retired. Nobel Prize [ change change source ] Mandela visiting Brazil in July He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership for his anti-apartheid activism in He had seventeen grandchildren[28] and a growing number of great-grandchildren.

They had two children.

Nelson mandela biography in short

Evelyn died in They had two daughters. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant uMkhonto we Sizwe in that led a sabotage campaign against the apartheid government. He was arrested and imprisoned inand, following the Rivonia Trialwas sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state.

Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President F. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitutionMandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses.

Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reformcombat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight bombing trial and served as secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement from to He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki.

Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Days before the end of the Treason Trial, Mandela travelled to Pietermaritzburg to speak at the All-in Africa Conference, which resolved that he should write to Prime Minister Verwoerd requesting a national convention on a non-racial constitution, and to warn that should he not agree there would be a national strike against South Africa becoming a republic.

After he and his colleagues were acquitted in the Treason Trial, Mandela went underground and began planning a national strike for 29, 30 and 31 March. In the face of massive mobilisation of state security the strike was called off early. In June he was asked to lead the armed struggle and helped to establish Umkhonto weSizwe Spear of the Nationwhich launched on 16 December with a series of explosions.

Madiba travelled with his Ethiopian passport. He travelled around Africa and visited England to gain support for the armed struggle. He was charged with leaving the country without a permit and inciting workers to strike. He was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment, which he began serving at the Pretoria Local Prison. Within a month police raided Liliesleaf, a secret hideout in Rivonia, Johannesburg, used by ANC and Communist Party activists, and several of his comrades were arrested.

On 9 October Mandela joined 10 others on trial for sabotage in what became known as the Rivonia Trial. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

Goldberg was sent to Pretoria Prison because he was white, while the others went to Robben Island.